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Kinesia paradoxa
Kinesia paradoxa is a phenomenon most often seen in people with Parkinson's disease where individuals who typically experience severe difficulties with the simple movements may perform complex movements easily.〔Rinehart, N., Bellgrove, M., Tonge, B., Brereton, A., Howells-Rankin, D., & Bradshaw, J. (2006). An Examination of Movement Kinematics in Young People with High-functioning Autism and Asperger's Disorder: Further Evidence for a Motor Planning Deficit. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(6), 757-767.〕 Specifically, kinesia paradoxa focuses on walking, referring to the sudden ability to demonstrate smooth, fluid movements in people that previously had problems with walking easily. This new discovery does not just happen to an individual randomly, but must be stimulated using various types of visual or auditory cues.
This phenomenon is generally stimulated to help improve the mobility of people with akinesia.〔Kaminsky, T. A., Dudgeon, B. J., Billingsley, F. F., Mitchell, P. H., & Weghorst, S. J. (2007). Virtual cues and functional mobility of people with Parkinson's disease: A single-subject pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 44(3), 437-448.〕 Akinesia consists of changes in walking pattern, freezing of gait (FOG), and losses of balance (LOBs). FOG occurs in the middle of stride, cutting off walking, and making it fairly difficult for a person to re-initiate a movement. Kinesia paradoxa can be used as a management strategy to overcome this.〔Moreau, C., Defebvre, L., Bleuse, S., Blatt, J., Duhamel, A., Bloem, B., et al. (2008). Externally provoked freezing of gait in open runways in advanced Parkinson’s disease results from motor and mental collapse. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(10), 1431-1436.〕 LOBs are when a person has difficulty maintaining an upright position and lose their balance, eventually leading to them falling.〔 Since Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease, patient’s symptoms continue to worsen with time and they often develop visible differences in their walking that greatly affects their quality of life. These differences include shuffling of steps, decreased stride length, and decrease in overall movement. Kinesia paradoxa is not able to be stimulated in everyone with movement disorders; persons who can stimulate this phenomenon demonstrate visible improvements in mobility including, increased stride length, more fluidity in strides, less FOGs incidents, less LOBs, and those that appeared to be completely frozen previously can regain their movement.〔 More recently, kinesia paradoxa is also being used to treat children with Asperger's syndrome. Children with Asperger's demonstrate excellent skills in drawing, modeling, building, and computer games, but often struggle with everyday motor tasks such as walking or catching a ball. Kinesia paradoxa is currently being explored to help aid these individuals in focusing their attention and improving their efficiency in these simple motor tasks.〔Rinehart, N., Tonge, B., Bradshaw, J., Iansek, R., Enticott, P., & McGinley, J. (2006). Gait function in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder Evidence for basal-ganglia and cerebellar involvement? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(5), 256-264.〕
==History==
One of the first studies on kinesia paradoxa was conducted in 1967 by James Martin.〔Prothero, J. D. (1995). The treatment of akinesia using virtual images. from http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/prothero/node13.html〕 He examined the effects of different visual cues to facilitate natural walking and found that transverse lines that were one or two inches wide and a contrasting color produced the maximum effect. He studied the effects from different obstacles, types of lines, different contrasts, and how outside stimuli affected kinesia paradoxa.〔 Since this primary study, more progress has been made to explore this topic and methods to stimulate it. It is still fairly new in the research field and there is much more future research to be conducted before this topic can be fully understood.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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